Assessment of Blood Biochemistry and Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Forages and their Implications for Livestock

Abstract

This study explored the influence of soil and forage metal contamination on blood plasma parameters such as calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, total protein, and trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn) in calves (3, 6, and 9 months) and buffaloes (lactating, non lactating, and pregnant) over three seasonal sampling periods. The soil cadmium (Cd) concentrations ranged from 7.397 to 11.699 mg/kg, with the highest concentration observed at feeding site C during the first period. Forage Cd levels peaked at 0.851 mg/kg in the third sampling period at pasture A. Blood Cd in 3-month-old calves was highest during the first sampling (8.567 mg/kg), which aligns with elevated soil values. Blood calcium in calves varied significantly (P<0.001), ranging from 8.52 to 10.16 mg/dl across periods, whereas phosphorus markedly increased from 2.96 to 9.18 mg/dl. Uric acid and total protein also followed a significant upwards trend during the second sampling, suggesting potential metabolic stress or dietary shifts. Zinc in forage peaked at 60.363 mg/kg, with corresponding blood levels showing periodic variation, potentially linked to mineral uptake efficiency. Elevated Cr and Mn in the soil and forage also coincided with increased blood concentrations. These patterns underscore the strong environmental influence on the mineral and biochemical status of animals, with implications for nutrient management and health monitoring.

Keywords:  Heavy Metals, Uric Acid, Proteins, Soil, Forage, Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus