Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs): A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis Strategies, Functional Integration, and Biomedical Relevance

Abstract

significant attention as multifunctional nanomaterials due to their strong antimicrobial activity, unique optical behavior, and adaptability across various substrates. This review presents a detailed overview of fifteen synthesis techniques, including chemical reduction, plant-based green synthesis, electrochemical methods, and energy-driven approaches, with emphasis on reaction mechanisms, particle morphology, and environmental sustainability. Functional integration into textiles using Sol-Gel processes and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) membranes is explored for applications in biosensing, antimicrobial coatings, and controlled drug release. Characterization tools such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM/TEM, XRD, and SERS are discussed in relation to nanoparticle validation and performance.Recent developments in microwave-assisted fabrication and biosurfactant stabilization are highlighted for their scalability and eco-conscious design. The review also examines AgNPs in cancer therapy, regenerative materials, and smart diagnostic platforms, showcasing their versatility in biomedical engineering. Biological evaluations including antibacterial potency, cytotoxicity, and drug delivery efficiency are compared across synthesis routes to identify optimal formulations. Key challenges such as standardization, long-term safety, and environmental impact are addressed to inform future research and regulatory frameworks.  This article offers a comprehensive framework for advancing AgNP-based technologies in healthcare, sustainability, and material science, while encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration and scalable innovation.  By bridging laboratory synthesis with real-world applications, the review aims to inspire responsible development of nanomaterials that meet global health and environmental needs.  

Key Words:  Silver Nanoparticles; Green Synthesis; Sol-Gel Coating; Microwave-Assisted Synthesis; Cnf Membranes; Biosensing; Antimicrobial Textiles; Nanomedicine; Cytotoxicity; Polymer Composites