Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Anti-Discrimination Policies and Health Outcomes in Transgender Populations

Abstract

Background: Transgender populaces face significant health inequalities due to discrimination. Anti-discrimination policies aim to improve health equity. Objective: To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize proof on the impact of anti-discrimination policies on health outcomes in transgender people. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted through May 2025. Observational and qualitative studies were included. Quality was assessed via Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and CASP. Meta-analysis was conducted on mental health outcomes where data allowed. Results: Fifteen studies were included (8 cross-sectional, 4 cohort, 3 qualitative). Meta-analysis of six studies showed a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.52–0.81) for depression in regions with protective policies versus without. Narrative synthesis indicated improved healthcare access and concentrated stigma.Conclusion: Anti-discrimination policies are related with upgraded mental health and healthcare access in transgender populations. Further longitudinal studies are needed.

Keywords:  Transgender Health, Anti-Discrimination Policies, Health Outcomes, Health Equity, Minority Stress, Structural Stigma