The Influence of Parenting Styles on Academic Performance and Type D Personality Traits

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of parenting styles on the development of Type D personality traits and their subsequent effects on academic performance in adults. Utilizing a systematic sampling approach, 300 participants within age range of 20-40 years from different universities in Islamabad and Rawalpindi were recruited. Parenting Styles Inventory-Pilot II, the Academic Performance Scale, and the DS14 Scale were used to collect the data. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between parenting styles, type D personality (r = .39) and academic performance (r = .29) among university students. Moreover, it was also indicated that parenting styles have 20% (R² = .20) influence on type D personality whereas 30% (R² = .30) influence on academic performance. The findings underscore the importance of fostering parenting practices that promote structure, warmth, and responsiveness to support optimal psychological and educational development.