Spatiotemporal Variability of PM 2.5 and Black Carbon and its Dynamic Relationship with Meteorological Factors in Pakistan: A Review

Abstract

PM2.5 and BC air pollution threatens human and environmental health. Pakistan's growing urbanization makes PM2.5 and BC's spatiotemporal variability and meteorological interaction crucial for air quality management and public health interventions. This review study examines PM2.5 and BC spatiotemporal distributions in Pakistan and their complicated connections with meteorological factors. To assess PM2.5 and BC levels in Pakistan, a comprehensive literature review examined several research. Urban concentrations were higher than rural ones. We also observed seasonal and diurnal pollution changes. Industrial, vehicle, biomass, and dust storm emissions contributed to PM2.5 and BC pollution. This study examined the dynamic association between PM2.5/BC, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric stability. These variables affect atmospheric pollutant dispersal and transformation. Our research shows complex interactions between climatic circumstances, PM2.5, and BC deposition, transit, and dilution. Stagnant atmospheric conditions, low wind speeds, and temperature inversions led pollution events to worsen. Effective air pollution remediation requires understanding PM2.5, BC, and meteorological factors' spatiotemporal patterns and dynamic connections. This technique helps policymakers and urban planners identify high-risk locations, prioritize pollution management, and execute targeted solutions. The findings might also inform pollution reporting procedures to protect vulnerable populations. This review illuminates Pakistan's PM2.5 and BC spatiotemporal variability. It stresses the importance of meteorological elements in air pollution dynamics. However, extensive monitoring programs, emission inventories, and improved modeling are needed to improve knowledge. Such efforts will enhance predictions and air pollution management, protecting human health and the environment.